Calculations

Calculations

• Point on a B-spline surface

  The point of a B-spline surface, rational or not, at (u, v).

  p = Σ N_i(u) N_j(v) (w P)_ij ÷ Σ N_i(u) N_j(v) w_ij

  IFC faces on curved surfaces ifc/geo-nurbs.js

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• Parameters of a point on a B-spline surface

  Finds (u, v) of a 3D point on a B-spline surface.

  start at the nearest of 25 × 25 samples; Newton: solve (Sᵤ·Sᵤ, Sᵤ·Sᵥ; Sᵤ·Sᵥ, Sᵥ·Sᵥ) Δ = (r·Sᵤ, r·Sᵥ)

  IFC faces on curved surfaces ifc/geo-nurbs.js

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• Boundary points put back on the surface

  Moves a boundary point onto the surface when the file's edge curve leaves it.

  tolerance = max(10⁻⁹, 0.001 × diagonal of the loops' box)

  IFC faces on curved surfaces ifc/geo-nurbs.js

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• Spacing of interior points

  The spacing of the points added inside a face, from how fast the surface normal turns.

  h = clamp(0.2 ÷ turn, extent ÷ 96, extent ÷ 4), turn = largest change of the normal per unit over a 9 × 9 grid

  IFC faces on curved surfaces ifc/geo-nurbs.js

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• Scale of the parameter plane

  Scale factors that make distances in (u, v) roughly equal to distances on the surface.

  s_u = mean |S(u + e, v) − S(u, v)| ÷ e, e = 10⁻⁴ (1 + |u|)

  IFC faces on curved surfaces ifc/geo-nurbs.js

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• Circumcircle of a triangle

  The center and squared radius of a triangle's circumcircle, for the Delaunay test.

  D = 2 (a_x (b_y − c_y) + b_x (c_y − a_y) + c_x (a_y − b_y)); center = Σ |p|² × (difference) ÷ D

  IFC faces on curved surfaces ifc/geo-nurbs.js

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• Delaunay triangulation

  Triangulates the face's points in the scaled parameter plane.

  a point is inside a circumcircle when (x − c_x)² + (y − c_y)² < r² (1 + 10⁻¹²)

  IFC faces on curved surfaces ifc/geo-nurbs.js

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• Orientation and crossing tests

  Whether three points turn left or right, and whether two segments cross, for recovering the boundary edges.

  orient = (b_x − a_x)(c_y − a_y) − (b_y − a_y)(c_x − a_x)

  IFC faces on curved surfaces ifc/geo-nurbs.js

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• SI value of the file's units

  The factor that turns the file's length, area, volume and mass values into meters, square meters, cubic meters and kilograms.

  SI unit: factor = prefix; conversion-based unit: the file's factor; gram: × 0.001

  IFC 4.3 infrastructure quantities and files ifc/ifc43.js

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• Quantities of an element

  The lengths, areas, volumes and weights an element states in its quantity sets, in SI units.

  SI value = stated value × unit factor

  IFC 4.3 infrastructure quantities and files ifc/ifc43.js

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• Length of an alignment

  The length of an alignment curve from the lengths of its segments.

  L = Σ |SegmentLength|

  IFC 4.3 infrastructure quantities and files ifc/ifc43.js

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• Rounding of totals

  Rounds a total length, area or volume before it is listed or written to a quantities file.

  ROUND(v) = v to 12 significant digits

  IFC 4.3 infrastructure quantities and files ifc/ifc43.js

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• Totals per class

  The count and the total length, area and volume of each class and predefined type.

  total = Σ of the first stated quantity of that kind per element

  IFC 4.3 infrastructure quantities and files ifc/ifc43.js

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• Numbers in a written file

  Formats a coordinate, length or quantity for a new IFC 4.3 file.

  R(v, d) = v with d decimals, trailing zeros removed; d = 9, or 12 for directions

  IFC 4.3 infrastructure quantities and files ifc/ifc43.js

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• Alignment segments written

  The straight segments of a written alignment: each one's start, direction and length.

  length = √(Δx² + Δy²); direction = (Δx, Δy) ÷ length

  IFC 4.3 infrastructure quantities and files ifc/ifc43.js

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• Area of a written profile

  The cross-section area of an element in a written file, from its rectangle, circle or polygon.

  circle: π r²; polygon: |Σ (xₐ y_b − x_b yₐ)| ÷ 2; rectangle: w × d

  IFC 4.3 infrastructure quantities and files ifc/ifc43.js

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• Quantities written for an element

  The length, width, height, footprint area and volume written to an element's quantity set.

  Length = longer side; Width = shorter side; GrossVolume = area × height

  IFC 4.3 infrastructure quantities and files ifc/ifc43.js

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• Fixture units a size carries

  The fixture units a drain of a nominal size carries at a slope, as a branch or as a building drain.

  column = last listed slope ≤ slope + 10⁻⁹; capacity = table[size][column]

  Sanitary drain sizing by fixture units mep/drainage.js

  • BimCraft
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• Smallest size that carries the load

  The first size, smallest first, that carries the fixture units and is not below the least size allowed.

  Sanitary drain sizing by fixture units mep/drainage.js

  • BimCraft
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• Distance from a point to a run

  The shortest distance from a run's end or a fixture's connector to another run's center line.

  t = clamp(((p − a) · d) ÷ |d|², 0, 1); distance = |p − a − d t|

  Sanitary drain sizing by fixture units mep/drainage.js

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• Fixture units carried by each run

  Which run each run and fixture drains into, and the total fixture units and least size of every run.

  total = own fixtures + Σ totals of the runs flowing in

  Sanitary drain sizing by fixture units mep/drainage.js

  • BimCraft
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• Typed sizes of a piece of equipment

  Checks the values a person typed and gives the sizes the equipment is built from.

  length = round(v, 3), 10 ≤ v ≤ 20000

  MEP equipment, ports and refrigerant line sets mep/equipment.js

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• Equipment solids as a mesh

  Turns the boxes and cylinders of a piece of equipment into one triangle mesh.

  cylinder ring = o + u r cos a + w r sin a, a = 2π i ÷ 16; each coordinate rounded to 3 decimals

  MEP equipment, ports and refrigerant line sets mep/equipment.js

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• Port positions of placed equipment

  Where each port of a placed piece sits on its level and the way it faces.

  at = (x, y, z) + R(rot) · local; R turns about Z by rot × π ÷ 180

  MEP equipment, ports and refrigerant line sets mep/equipment.js

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• Port sizes written to the model

  The width and height stored on each port.

  stored = round(size in the file's unit)

  MEP equipment, ports and refrigerant line sets mep/equipment.js

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• Placement stored with the equipment

  The position and turn kept in the equipment's property set, from which it is read back and rebuilt.

  X, Y, Z = round(value, 3); Rotation = round(degrees, 6)

  MEP equipment, ports and refrigerant line sets mep/equipment.js

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• Line set sizes for a capacity

  The liquid and gas tube sizes for the cooling capacity a refrigerant line carries.

  row = first with capacity ≤ upTo + 10⁻⁹; beyond the table: the last row

  MEP equipment, ports and refrigerant line sets mep/hvac.js

  • BimCraft
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• A line set table someone typed

  Checks a custom table of capacities and tube sizes before it is used and saved.

  upTo = round(upTo × 100) ÷ 100, 0 < upTo ≤ 2000, rising

  MEP equipment, ports and refrigerant line sets mep/hvac.js

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• Refrigerant tube diameter

  The outside diameter in millimeters of a refrigerant tube from its inch size.

  od = table inches × 25.4

  MEP equipment, ports and refrigerant line sets mep/hvac.js

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• Route of a line between two ports

  An orthogonal path from one port to another: straight out of each, up to a common height, then across.

  points rounded to 3 decimals; common height = max of the two leads + lift + 0, 300 or 600

  MEP equipment, ports and refrigerant line sets mep/hvac.js

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• Cleaning a route

  Drops repeated points and corners that go straight through.

  merge if |p − q| ≤ 0.5; straight if |d₁ · d₂ − |d₁||d₂|| < 10⁻⁶ |d₁||d₂|

  MEP equipment, ports and refrigerant line sets mep/hvac.js

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• Soundness of a route

  Rejects a route that doubles back, has an inner leg shorter than 100 mm, or has a leg that is not along one axis.

  MEP equipment, ports and refrigerant line sets mep/hvac.js

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• Position and direction of a port read from the model

  A port's origin and the way it faces, in its level's axes in millimeters.

  at = round(M₁₂…₁₄ × 1000) ÷ 1000; out = round(z ÷ |z| × 10⁹) ÷ 10⁹

  MEP equipment, ports and refrigerant line sets mep/ports.js

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• Mean and variance from batches

  The mean picture and the variance of that mean from two or more independent batch pictures.

  mean = Σ b ÷ k; var(mean) = Σ (b − mean)² ÷ (k − 1) ÷ k

  Statistical comparison of rendered pictures compute/parity.js

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• Mean and variance from sums

  The mean and the variance of the mean from per-pixel sums of the samples and of their squares.

  m = Σx ÷ n; s² = max(0, (Σx² − n m²) ÷ (n − 1)); var(mean) = s² ÷ n

  Statistical comparison of rendered pictures compute/parity.js

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• Block means

  The mean of each block of pixels and the variance of that mean.

  block mean = Σ means ÷ count; block variance = Σ variances ÷ count²

  Statistical comparison of rendered pictures compute/parity.js

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• Two pictures compared

  Whether a test picture agrees with a reference picture.

  z = |μ_t − μ_r| ÷ √(σ²_r + σ²_t + (10⁻⁴ max(1, |μ_r|))²); ok if failed blocks ≤ 1 % and the whole-image z ≤ 4.5

  Statistical comparison of rendered pictures compute/parity.js

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• Furnace test

  Whether every block of a test picture has the expected mean within its noise.

  z = |block mean − expected| ÷ √(block variance + (10⁻⁴ max(1, |expected|))²); ok if no block has z > 4.5

  Statistical comparison of rendered pictures compute/parity.js

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• Samples read from a block

  Puts the samples of one unpacked block into each channel's picture.

  half: table[16-bit value]; float: the 32-bit value; uint: the 32-bit integer

  OpenEXR and Radiance HDR picture files exr/exr.js

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• Table for linear B44 channels

  The table that undoes the logarithmic step of B44 compression for channels marked linear.

  table[x] = half(8 × log(value of x))

  OpenEXR and Radiance HDR picture files exr/exr.js

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• Red, green, blue and alpha of a picture

  Gathers a layer's channels into one RGBA picture.

  subsampled channel: sample at (floor(x ÷ xSampling), floor(y ÷ ySampling))

  OpenEXR and Radiance HDR picture files exr/exr.js

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• Samples written to a block

  Writes each channel's samples in its type before the block is compressed.

  half: floatToHalf(v); float: nearest 32-bit float; uint: v as a 32-bit unsigned integer

  OpenEXR and Radiance HDR picture files exr/exr.js

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• RGBE pixel to a number

  Turns the four bytes of a Radiance pixel into red, green and blue values.

  value = (m + 0.5) × 2^(E − 136); E = 0 gives 0

  OpenEXR and Radiance HDR picture files exr/hdr.js

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• Number to an RGBE pixel

  Encodes red, green and blue values as three mantissas and a shared exponent.

  e: 2^(e−1) ≤ max(r, g, b) < 2^e; mantissa = floor(value × 256 ÷ 2^e); E = e + 128

  OpenEXR and Radiance HDR picture files exr/hdr.js

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• Rounding to three decimals

  The rounding applied to every stored length, spacing and symbol coordinate.

  r3(v) = round(v × 1000) ÷ 1000

  Plant sizes, spacing and symbols plants/plants.js

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• Reading a length

  A height, spread, spacing, volume or girth read from a file, a CSV cell or the editor.

  Plant sizes, spacing and symbols plants/plants.js

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• Sizes, hardiness zone and spacing of one species

  The mature size, planting size, zone range and spacing kept for a species row.

  Plant sizes, spacing and symbols plants/plants.js

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• Default planting size and spacing

  The planting size, container and spacing filled in when a species row leaves them empty.

  spacing = max(q, round(k × spread ÷ q) × q), by plant type

  Plant sizes, spacing and symbols plants/plants.js

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• Spacing from planting density

  The center-to-center spacing that gives a stated number of plants per square meter.

  square: s = 1 ÷ √d; triangular: s = √(2 ÷ (√3 × d))

  Plant sizes, spacing and symbols plants/plants.js

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• Spacing used for a species

  The spacing a bed or hedge is planted at: the species' own, else from its density, else the default.

  Plant sizes, spacing and symbols plants/plants.js

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